O Level P1 H&C of PK Titu Mir, British Arrival and Expansion and Khilafat Movement

O-Level Pakistan Studies P1 History and Culture of Pakistan Titu Mir, British Arrival and Expansion and Khilafat Movement

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Titu Mir

Biography: 

1. Was a disciple of Syed Ahmed Shaheed.
2. His real name was Mir Mirthar Ali.
3. He was from West Bengal.
4. He was a man of Action like his teacher.
5. Killed in 1831.

Beliefs: 

1. He was a man of action.
2. He believed in the practicality of life.
3. He did not like the rule and cruelty of British and Hindu Landlords.
4. It was his belief to stand against the Oppressors Rule.

Work: 

1. He provoked the British and gave confidence to Muslims to stand against the cruelty to protect their identity.
2. He attacked Hindu Landlords and defeated them boldly.
3. He made village of Nalkerbaria, his head quarters and gathered a small army.
4. He constructed a Bamboo Fort for his army to stay.

Importance:

1. He provoked fear In hearts of British and zamindars.
2. He gathered a small army.
3. He inspired Muslims to take defense for their religion and identity.

Pakistan Timeline

The British Arrival and Expansion

Introduction: Some of the British Merchant’s sought permission from the Queen Elizabeth 1 to trade with India and started their trade in 1612. Their first post had been established at Surat in 1908.

Slowly the influence grew. In 1664, trading post established in Bombay. 1690 post in Calcutta. By end of the 17th Century, EIC was thinking how to lay a permanent British Hold over India.

Expansionism: The rule of 3.

British used Divide and rule policy to rule and capture India. They used further 3 methods to capture over India:

1. Direct Wars: fought with Hyder Ali and Tipu Sulatn of Mysore notably. Also with Nawab Siraj and Mir Qasim.

2. Subsidiary Alliances: These were the alliances made with local princes. According to the terms, the real matters of the land were given in hand of British in return of British protection and money. Furthermore the ruler could stay on throne though only as a British puppet. In this British was able to reinforce its control over India.

3. Doctrine of Lapse: The law stating that all rulers under the terms of subsidiary alliances if do not have any natural male heir then after their death the land will belong to British. One of the affected was Rani of Jhansi who later played an important role in the War of Independence 1857.

Battle of Plessey:

The French encouraged the Nawab of Bengal to attack the EIC base at Calcutta. Further more the Fortification of British post on Calcutta was also against agreement with the Nawab of Bengal and so Siraj-ud-Daulah marched over Calcutta and seized Fort William and locked the British residents in a small room. 23 out of 65 people died and so Battle of Plessey began. Robert Clive succeeded in defeating Siraj by bribing one of his key men Mir Jaffer. Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal and Bengal came under EIC’s rule.

Assault on Afghanistan:

The British were threatened about Russia seeking to expand its terrirory. In 1939, Briitsh invaded Afghanistan and installed its own puppet ruler, however the British army could not face the difficult terrain of Afghanistan as well as the locals and soon within Two years the Afghan’s rebelled and massacred the British force. Out of 4000 soldiers, only one doctor from Kabul survived and reported the incident.

The Annexation of Sindh:

In 1843 The British pride was hurt by the invasion in Afghanistan and decided to attack on Sindh under Sir Charles Napier to restore their Pride among Muslims and to capture the important Route through Bolan pass. Even in Britain many people condemned Napier’s action for they had broken a friendship treaty with the Amirs of Sindh.

The Capture of Punjab:

The British now turned to Punjab threatened by the increasing power of Ranjit Singh and now to capture the trade route over Indus River and Khyber Pass. The Sikhs were worried also and so they attacked on British controlled India in 1845, First Sikh War. Their main army was destroyed. Finally in 1848-9 Second Sikh War, the Sikh army was destroyed and so the British took over Punjab. The NWFP also came under British rule with Capture of Punjab.

Khilafat Movement

Reasons to start it:

After World War 2, British decided to break the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Empire held great importance to Muslims in India and so they wanted to protect it and save the Khalifa.

Because the Holy places of Muslims were in the Ottoman Empire so their was a great threat that British might harm Holt places of Muslims.

Reasons of its failure:

Because of many reasons the movement failed.

Withdrawl of Gandhi:

Hindus had been cooperating in this movement by performing their own non co-operation to British. An incident at Chora Chori where many hindus were killed caused Gandhi to withdraw with his Hindu force which weakened the Movement’s strength.

Hijrat Movement:

Because many Muslims tried to migrate towards Afghanistan but were not allowed in the country so they had to return to find their properties plundered and captured by Hindus. This increased rifts between the 2 nations and also weakened the Movement as Muslims did not have the strength to take part in it.

Moplah Uprising:

Some Muslims Peasants in South India attacked and destroyed a police station and killed many Hindus. British was angered by this Uprising and so they became firm on their decision.

Declaration of Turkey:

Turkey itself declared itself independent when Kamal Ataturk removed the Khalifa and so the purpose of the movement failed and it ended.

 

O-Level Pakistan Studies Paper 1 History and Culture of Pakistan Titu Mir, British Arrival and Expansion and Khilafat Movement