O-Level Pakistan Studies P1 History and Culture of Pakistan Ch 1-7 4 Marks Questions
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Ch1 The Decline of Mughals
Q1. Who was Aurangzeb Alamgir?
Ans.
1. Aurangzeb was the last great emperor of Mughal Empire who took over the throne after Shah Jahan.
2. He was a courageous man who spent much of his time fighting wars and trying to administrate the empire efficiently.
3. He was a deeply religious man; he Wrote out copies of Quran and tried to impose Jizya tax Non Muslims.
4. Aurangzeb was a just ruler and had a very simple character. Aurangzeb increased the size of Mughal Empire by capturing all but the very southern part of India.
Q2. What kind of man was Aurangzeb?
Ans.
1. Aurangzeb was a deeply religious person; who wrote out copies of Quran and made the famous Pearl Mosque.
2. He was a disciplined ruler with high administrative qualities due to which he was able to run the empire for a long time.
3. He was a just ruler and a brave one, whose main ambition was to increase his territory for which he believed it right to use any means.
4. He was a person who could be ruthless to his own kith and kin like he killed his own brother in the battle over the Empire.
Q3. What was the Jizya Controversy?
Ans.
1. Aurangzeb imposed the non Muslim tax again on the Indians.
2. This tax had been abolished long ago by Akbar.
3. The non Muslims, specially Hindus were angered as it was a tax abolished long ago.
4. It was a differential tax and was considered as enforcement to convert to Islam.
5. It was criticized as a way of supporting the long drawn costly wars and as a financial assistance.
Q4. Was Aurangzeb responsible for the decline of Mughal Empire?
Ans.
1. To some extent Aurangzeb could be responsible for he built a lot of buildings which drained the treasury quicker than expected like the Pearl Mosque for his personal prayers.
2. Aurangzeb fought long costly wars to capture more land and to fight of the invaders.
3. He could not administer very efficiently for he was often away from his capital.
4. His policy of heavy taxes caused hardships for his people.
Q5. Who were the Marathas?
Ans.
1. The Marathas was a powerful group of people who were skilled as Guerrilla fighters.
2. They were devoted to Hinduism and had grown in power during the 17th century and they were the expected rulers after Mughals due to their power.
3. Aurangzeb was unable to crush the Marathas of Deccan which proved their power.
4. In 1760 they even occupied Delhi. They were defeated in the Third Battle of Paniput.
Q6. How were the Marathas Defeated?
Ans.
1. The Marathas were defeated by there inner weaknesses.
2. They controlled more land than any ruler but not all was in one place.
3. Their unity and loyalty to the main Peshwa decreased and their power began to deteriorate.
4. Than they were crushed in the 3rd Battle of Paniput in 1761 by the invading army of Ahmed Shah Abdali.
5. They suffered heavy casualties in this battle and lost all their ambitions of ruling the Empire.
Q7. How did invasions weaken the Mughal Empire?
Ans.
1. The invasions drained the Mughal Empire and destroyed its prestige.
2. The Persian Invasion under Nadir Shah resulted in Delhi getting sacked and the Empire getting looted.
3. The famous peacock throne of Mughals was taken away by Nadir Shah.
4. Ahmed Shah Abdali led 10 Invasions in Northern India and looted the Empire.
Q8. Who was Ahmed Shah Abdali?
Ans.
1. Ahmed Shah Abdali was and Afghan leader who led Afghan Army in the Indian Territory and raided the Mughal Empire.
2. He was also known as Ahmed Shah Durrani due to his leadership and military skills.
3. His military skills achieved the victory over Marathas in the 3rd Battle of Paniput.
4. He had to turn back because of the mutiny of his followers instead of capturing the empire.
Q9) What kind of ruler was Aurangzeb?
Ans.
1. Aurangzeb was a determined ruler and a good administrator.
2. He tried to organize the empire strictly in accordance to Islamic Law.
3. He tried to control moral behavior of people through a strict rule.
4. His main ambition was to expand his territory and authority over Islam.
Ch2 The Influence of Islam
Q1. What did Shah Wali Ullah believe about the role of Islam?
Ans.
1. Shah Wali Ullah believed that Islam should direct every aspect of life, political, social and economical behavior should be guided by Islamic values.
2. He believed that Muslims can not be successful if they departed from the principles of their religion.
3. He believed Islamic values of Justice and equilibrium must be followed.
4. He emphasized on putting an end to cast and sect system and follow the teaching of brotherhood Islam to achieve success.
Q2. Who was Shah Wali Ullah?
Ans.
1. Shah Wali Ullah was born in 1703 in the house of Shah Abdul Rahim who ran the Madrasa-e-Rahimiya.
2. He journeyed to Saudi Arabiya in 1724 and lived their till 1732; there he got educated under Shiekh Abu Tahir, a renowned religious scholar.
3. He was a religious man who inspired Muslims to rise and follow the teachings of their religion.
4. He gained many disciples as well as many criticizers in the course of his work. He translated Quran first time in Persian in the Indian subcontinent.
Q3. What were the achievements of Shah Wali Ullah?
Ans.
1. Shah Wali Ullah revived the spirit of Islam in the hearts of Muslims of Subcontinent.
2. He gave Muslims an Identity.
3. He made the Muslims realize their mistakes and successfully united them.
4. He Translated Quran in Persian and wrote 51 books for better understanding and implementation on Islamic Religion.
Q4. Who was Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi?
Ans.
1. Syed Ahmed Shaheed was born in a Syed Family of Rae Bareilly near Lucknow in 1786.
2. He got his initial education from Shah Wali Ulllah’s sons at the Madrasa-e- Rahimiya.
3. He was a man of action.
4. He disliked British rule.
5. He joined Amir Khan’s Pathan Force and became Imam; there he got training in the use of European weapons and built up his military skills.
6. 1821 to 1823, he went for Hajj and studied got more teachings under a renowned scholar, Sheikh Abdul Wahab.
7. He struggled hard to finish Sikh rule in Punjab and died fighting for Muslims in the battle of Balakot in 1831.
Q5. What was the Jihadi Movement?
Ans.
1. The Jihadi movement was the movement set up by Syed Ahmed Shaheed BarelviIts purpose was to make Muslims perform Jihad.
2. It was purpose was to free Muslims from Sikh and British Rule.
3. It aimed to organize the Muslims and think about betterment.
Q6. What were the reasons for Syed Ahmed Shaheed’s failure in defeating Sikhs?
Ans.
1. The Sikhs under Ranjit Singh were a very powerful and superior force.
2. The Muslims were divided and reluctant to work unitedly.
3. The locals of Balakot and his own forces disagreed over the taxes he laid upon them.
4. There was a lack of support.
Q5. What was the Faraizi Movement?
Ans.
1. The Faraizi movement was the movement started by Haji Shariat Ulla in East Bengal The Faraizi movement was started to organize Muslims by making them punctual in following their Faraiz.
2. It aimed to protect the rights of poor Muslim farmers in East Bengal.
3. Its followers were known as Faraizis who grew greatly in number as the movement grew in popularity.
4. There Fairaizi movement was very successful until an alarmed British put an end to it recognizing it as an opposition against them.
Q6. Who was Haji Sharait Ullah?
Ans.
1. He was a reformer and religious scholar.
2. He was born in 1781 in Faridpur District.
3. In 1799 he went to SAUDI Arabia where studied under Sheikh Abdul Wahab.
4. He was the founder of the Fraiazi movement which aimed to organize muslims and protect their rights.
Q7. Who was Titu Mir?
Ans.
1. Titu Mir was a disciple of Syed Ahmed Shaheed.
2. He was a man of action.
3. He was from West Bengal where he tried to protect rights of farmer and free them from tyranny of Hindu zamindars.
4. He made his base at Nalkerbaria, where he built a Bamboo Fort out of the Bamboo stick for his army.
5. He was killed in battle in 1831.
Ch3 The British in India
Q1. What was the East India Company?
Ans.
1. The East India Trading Company was a Company set up by British Merchants to trade with India.
2. Its first port was set up at Surat. The East India Company gained power and created a private army.
3. It made a major role in establishing British Reign in the subcontinent.
4. The East India Company was finished through India Act 1858 after War of Independence.
Q2. What was the Reason for British Interest to trade with India?
Ans.
1. The British was interested in the Indian Wealth of Spices and Mineral Resources.
2. The British wanted to use and take control over the major trade routes to control World Trade and they all passed through the subcontinent.
3. The British wanted to eliminate all other countries from competitions.
4. The British wanted to trade for its economic growth..
Q3. What effect did British Have on Indians?
Ans.
1. The British caused a change in Indian culture.
2. The British caused the increase in resentment and misery in the Indians.
3. They developed India’s infrastructure thus taking Indians towards development.
4. The British changed the religion of people and the laws they were following.
Q4. Who was Robert Clive?
Ans.
1. Clive is considered as the founder of British rule in the subcontinent.
2. He was victorious leader in Battle of Plassey against Nawab of Bengal.
3. He became the Governor of Bengal and was later convicted of corruption.
4. He commited suicide at the age of 49 due to addiction to opium and destruction of prestige.
Q5. What was the Doctrine of Lapse?
Ans.
1. Doctrine of Lapse was a document (A Law) issued by British.
2. It stated that any ruler who does not have any male heir will have his land taken in British possession after his death.
3. The land of Jhansi suffered from this law.
4. The Doctrine caused a lot of resentment and played a major role in the British Expantion in the subcontinent.
Q6. What were the Subsidiary Alliances?
Ans.
1. The Subsidiary Alliances were another tool in the British expansionism introduced by Lord Wellesley in 1798.
2. These Alliances were formed between the ruler of a state and the British.
3. According to them, the ruler was given British protection while the state was controlled by the British in actual.
4. Many states fell prey to them and due to them British were able to take over a vast area of land in the Subcontinent.
5. The State of Hyderabad was the first to form this alliance.
Q7. What was the Pitts India Act 1784?
Ans.
1. This introduced a Governor General to oversee the business in India.
2. Introduced a Board of Control which was to decide all political matters in India and appoint any Senior Officer there.
3. The Company’s Trading Wing only to deal with trade.
4. This Act was the sign that British Government was not ready to loose India and because the Company was going bankrupt so from stopping its corruption to strengthen its hold over India this Act was passed.
Q8. Why was the India Act 1784 passed?
Ans.
1. The East India Company was going Bankrupt.
2. To Try the corrupt officials and remove them.
3. To save the company from falling.
4. To strengthen hold over Indian land and trade as now the parliament had started to show keen interest in it.
Q9. What were the reasons for the fall of East India Company?
Ans.
1. The company became bankrupt. It lost its monopoly.
2. Other companies wanted to share the Indian trading monopoly.
3. British government achieved its purpose of capturing the subcontinent by blaming EIC of War of Independence.
4. India Act 1858 abolished the company and the British government took over the company’s assets.
Q10. How did the British treat the lands they had taken control of?
Ans.
1. They tried to westernize different lands.
2. They took complete hold over the major cities and states like Punjab.
3. Obedient rulers were placed over smaller states.
4. Some lands were taken from the rulers as hey were thought to be inefficient.
5. British tried its best to get maximum benefit from the lands they taken over.
Q11. What did British do about religion in Subcontinent?
Ans.
1. They first try to adopt nuetrility.
2. Later they allowed Christian Missioaries to enter India to spread Christianity.
3. The Entry of Christian Missionaries strengthened the beliefs of British and they started to belief themselves as superior.
4. The British and Christian missionaries became intolerant of Indian Values. Very few people changed their religion.
Q12. What was the result of Indian Uprising in 1857?
Ans.
1. End of EIC’s role. Relations between Indian and British worsened.
2. Muslims simply refused to cooperate due to harsh treatment of British.
3. The British presence was not accepted by overwhelming majority.
Q13. How did rebellion affect British?
Ans.
1. It cost them a great deal of money.
2. It shocked the British.
3. They realized that Indians had to be given some rights.
4. They became harsh towards the Indians.
Q14. Who was Warren Hastings?
Ans.
1. He was the First Governor General of Bengal.
2. Previously he had worked with the East India Company and risen through the ranks.
3. He extended British Controlled India by fighting war aginst Hyder Ali of Mysore and Marathas.
4. He took bribes in organizing these ventures and had to return to Britain facing charges of corruption.
5. He was cleared in the end but his reputation was ruined.
Q15. How did introduction of Railway system played an important role in India?
Ans.
1. The Railway played an important role as it was used to transfer army effectively throughout India.
2. The Railway opened for public and became the main public transport to different cities.
3. It played an important role in British Victory in the War of Independence for troops were quickly transferred from one place to another to put down rebellion.
4. It was important in communication because telegraph line was laid along railway line for sending instant messages.
Q16. Why was British annexation over Sindh was considered a shameful British Act?
Ans.
1. British pride was hurt so to restore its pride it attacked Sindh.
2. British wanted to show Muslims they were Still powerful.
3. British broke a Friendship treaty with rulers of Sindh.
4. The British people considered it a wrong act in Britain.
Q17. What was the Suez Canal Dispute?
Ans.
1. The Suez Canal was used by British and French for trade as it cut the route to India nearly by Half.
2. The Egypt decided to nationalize the use of this canal.
3. British and French started War over the Canal as they wanted to capture the Empire.
4. British captured the Canal.
5. Later UNO decided upon the Canal Dispute and returned its control to Egypt.
Q18. What was the Black Hole Incident?
Ans.
1. The Incident in which many British people died.
2. Nawab Siraj captured Fort William of Calcutta.
3. He captured British residents and locked them in small room.
4. 23 people died out of 64 people.
5. The British was angered and this led to Battle of Plassey.
Q19. What is meant by Westernization?
Ans.
1. A word used for the changes the British brought in subcontinent.
2. They brought Western culture and language.
3. They brought Christian missionaries.
4. They brought Western education and technology.
5. They tried to make Indians, ‘Liberal Mindeed’.
6. The telegraph threatened Indian culture.
Q20 What is Sutee?
Ans.
1. Sutee was a old hindu tradition.
2. In it the widow was also burned with the dead body of her husband.
3. British believing it to cruel abolished the use of Sutee.
4. This decision was gladly welcomed.
5. Christian Missionaries and Ram Mohan Roy forced Governor General Bentrick to outlaw this practice.
Q21 What is thugee?
Ans.
1. These were robbers worshiping a goddess in upper and central India.
2. They used a ritual to murder people.
3. In 1830, under Colonel Saleeman, 2000 thugs were caught.
4. This step was welcomed by all.
Q22 What was Kanpur Incident?
Ans.
1. At Kanpur, troops killed many Europeans.
2. They were led by Nana Sahib who had a personal grievance over British.
3. When British was allowed safe passage, Nana Sahib opened fire on barges.
4. All soldiers with 300 children were killed.
5. 4 soldiers, 100 women and children were imprisoned. They were all killed.
Ch4 Sir Syed And Languages
Q1. Who was Sir Syed Ahmed. Khan?
Ans.
1. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a thinker, philosopher , reformer and statesman.
2. He was bon in Delhi in 1817.
3. He was the founder of Aligarh movement and established the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College.
4. He tried to improve relations of British with Muslims after War of Independence 1857 through pamphalets and speeches.
5. He gave the two nation theory which became the basis of Muslim demand and the integral part of Pakistan Movement.
Q2. How did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan try to improve British-Muslim relations?
Ans.
1. Muslims were in poor condition without any jobs and were given harsh treatment.
2. He wrote the Loyal Mohammadans of India to highlight the work of those who sided the British.
3. He wrote the pamphlet, “The Causes of Indian Revolt,” which highlighted the wrong steps of British and the causes of War.
4. He wrote “Tabyan-ul-Kalam” in which he brought down the similarities between the two religions in one place.
5. He gave message to Muslimas that they should adopt good habits of british but discard their bad ones and should cooperate with them to get benefits.
Q3. What was the Aligarh Movement?
Ans.
1. Sir Syed visited Oxford and Cambridge in 1869 and impressed by their system of education he
decided to implement in India as well.
2. He started a small movement in Aligarh.
3. He was thus able to form the MAO College.
4. Through this movement he tried to educate Muslims about Science and English language so that communication with British becomes easy.
5. He tried to educate Muslims in the European Style.
Q4. What was the Two Nation Theory?
Ans.
1. It was Sir Syed’s believe that Hindus and Muslims should be considered as separate nations.
2. He demanded that As separate Nation Muslims should have Separate Electorate system in a democratic election.
3. He believed that if elections happen in a democratic style then Hindus would be dominant and this would lead to violence.
4. He suggested that due to the great differences between Hindus and Muslims in every field of life, they should be given different treatment.
Q5. What is Punjabi language?
Ans.
1. It is the main language of Punjab Province.
2. It is statistically spoken more than Urdu.
3. Hafiz Barkhurdar has been the first person around 1080 AD to use the language by this name.
4. Punjabi is written in the same script as Arabic.
5. It has a vast literature containing very famous folk tales like HEER-RANJHA.
6. It is the man language of Sufi Poets specially famous music literature includes Bulley Shah and Baba Farid Ganjshakar.
Q6. How has the Punjabi Language been promoted?
Ans.
1. Punjabi has been used in very famous dramas, short stories and novels in 20th Century.
2. Books in wide variety of Acedemic Subject have been published in Punjabi.
3. Punjabi has been used in the writing style of contemporary age.
4. Punjabi films have been made and it is popular language in theatres and radio.
Q7. What is Sindhi?
Ans.
1. Sindhi is very ancient language according to documentation it has been dated back to 12th Century.
2. Initially Sindhi had been written in Arz Nagari script but later the script changed to the Arabic style.
3. It is the main language of Sindh Province.
4. Sindhi literature is famous in the form of Sachel Sarmast’s poetry.
Q8. How has Sindhi been promoted?
Ans.
1. Sindhi Literary Board was set up and has printed many books and magazines since then.
2. Several important books on Sindhi Folk Literature have been written.
3. 1954, Bazm-e-Talim-ul-Muala.
4. Sarmast Academy and Sindhiology Department at Sindh University Jamshoru topromote this language.
Q9. What is Balochi?
Ans.
1. This is the language spoken in Baluchistan province.
2. Basically spread by Nomadic tribes from Iran and North West Areas.
3. Balochi literature is small but rich in folk tales passed on word of tongue.
4. Balochi literature at the earliest has been reorded as famous folk songs specially of Jam Darang.
Q10. How has Balochi been promoted?
Ans.
1. Balochi has seen little development.
2. Radio Pakistan Karachi broadcasts in Balochi.
3. Balochi Literary Ascociation was set up to publish magazines and Balochi literature.
4. Balochi folk tales have been brought down in writing.
5. Quetta Television Studio Broadcasts in Balochi.
Q11. What is Pashto?
Ans.
1. Pashto is the main language of Northern regions and most tribes of NWFP though with different dialects.
2. Its first book on Sufism is Khair-ul-Biyan.
3. It has recorded famous poets like Amir Khan and Bayazaid Ansari.
4. Pashto literature achieved its peak in Mughal period and the songs developed the theme of nationalism.
5. The British Rule Period is considered its Golden Age when very high quality writing was produced during this time.
6. Pashto literature played an important role in British Opposition to achieve independence.
Q12. How has Pashto been promoted?
Ans.
1. Peshawar University was established.
2. Academy to promote Pahto literature was set up.
3. A widely accepted Pahto Dictionary was produced by Molvi Abdul Qadir leading the Pashto Academy.
4. Post-graduate class in Pashto literature have been established at University level at NWFP.
Q13. What is the importance of Urdu language?
Ans.
1. Urdu was the main language of Mughal court after Aurangzeb.
2. Urdu was the language of Muslims of India.
3. It is the language which played a very important role in the Pakistan Movement.
4. Most of the documents and letters had been written in Urdu. Urdu was spoken by a large number of people.
5. The Urdu-Hindi controversy was the one of the main reason that Muslims wanted a separate homeland. Urdu has a very rich literature stock.
Q14. What was the Urdu Hindi Controversy?
Ans.
1. Hindu wanted Hindi to be the official language while Muslim wanted Urdu as the official language.
2. The Hindu started campaigns against Urdu. Muslims thought that Hindus are trying to destroy their identity by trying to harm Urdu.
3. Muslims wanted a separate homeland because their language was in danger. Muslims were horrified when Hindi was made the official alongside English and Urdu.
4. Muslims could not let harm come to Urdu which was very close to Persian and Arabic.
Ch5 The Pakistan Movement
Q1. What was the Morley-Minto Reforms?
1. Famous as the Indian Council Act.
2. It was introduced by Secretary of State John Morley and Viceroy Minto in 1909.
3. It increased representation of Hindus and Muslims in the Imperial and Central Government.
4. Muslim Representation was to be elected by separate electorate.
1. It was a parliamentary Party.
2. Its was a word taken from Sanskrit and meant ,”Self Government.”
3. It was formed by Motlal Nehru AFTER Gandhi’s imprisonment.
4. Its purpose was to use the legislative bodies formed under Montague Chelmsford reforms to work for the betterment of India from within.
5. Jinnah also joined this party.
1. He suggested for the separate homeland long before anyone thought of partition.
2. He suggested the name Pakistan for the new nation.
3. He studies law at University of Punjab.
4. He went to Cambridge University for further studies. Published Now or Never. Died in 1951 and Is buried in Cambridge.
1. He is the national poet of Pakistan.
2. He studied and earned degree in philosophy from Cambridge and Punjab University.
3. He was knighted by Britain for his famous poetry.
4. He was the first to dream of a separate place for Muslims where they can live with pure Islamic values.
1. Lord Linlithgow made an offer to the Indians in 1940.
2. It Increased representation in Executive Council of Indians.
3. It also gave them the right to frame their own constitution after war.
4. However Congress refused this offer.
1. It was passed out in 1940 on the annual session of Muslim League.
2. In it the Muslims demanded a separate homeland.
3. All Muslim dominant Areas were asked to be united into one unit.
4. It was named Lahore Resolution but the Indian Press to muslims delight named it as the Pakistan Resolution.
1. The two leaders had conversations between each other for the future of India.
2. They met 13 times and exchanged 21 letters between 8 to 27 September 1944.
3. Gandhi wanted power in hands of Federal Government while Quaid demanded provincial autonomy.
4. Gandhi refused two nation theory idea and asked for partition later and independence first while Jinnah was on opposite ideas.
1. He was the great grandson of Queen Victoria.
2. At age of 16 he joined Royal Navy and earned distinction in qualities.
3. He became respected person in the world so was appointed Viceroy over subcontinent.
4. He was murdered inn 1979 by Irish Republican Army.
1. It was a commission set up to divide the boundaries for Pakistan and India.
2. It was head by Sir Redcliffe and Mount batten participated vastly in the division of boundaries.
3. Unfair Boundary distribution like major Muslim Cities of Gurdaspur.
4. India got a way to enter Kashmir because of the path made up by the commission for Hindus.
1. It was set up by Sir Alan Octavian Hume in 1885.
2. It was set up as a forum for educated Indians to raise their voice.
3. It became a Hindu dominant party.
4. It produced important leaders like Nehru, Ghandi and others.
5. It was Muslim League’s rival.
1. Led by Agha Khan a delegation of 36 ML members.
2. Met Lord Minto in SImla to discuss some matters.
3. Demand of separate electorate accepted.
4. Very important as it promoted better understanding between British and Muslims.
1. Hindi Word meaning Truth Force.
2. A form of non violence resistance.
3. Gandhi established as a strong spiritual force.
4 Under hunger and sit down strikes were performed.
1. In 1930, AI chaired the meeting of ML.
2. Iqbal gave his presidential address.
3. He called Muslims to work hard for a separate homeland.
4. He would like to see Punjab, NWFP and Baluchistan as one unit.
1. At Amritsar a peaceful protest against Rowlatt Act as organized at Amritsar.
2. British banned protest but people decided to go ahead.
3. General Dyer opened fire in JilianWali Bagh.
4. About 1650 rounds shots and 1200 people wounded and many killed.
Ch6 Pakistan’s Problems and Politics so far
Q1. Why steps did Pakistan take to solve the refugee problem?
Ans.
1. Collected aid from the Pakistanis living in well conditions.
2. Joined UNO to take help from UNHCR. Quaid-e-Azam relief fund was established.
3. Made temporary shelter, gave medicines and training was given on government work.
Q2. What was the Canal Water Dispute?
Ans.
1. In 1948, April, India stopped Water from Ferozpur Headworks.
2. Pakistan’s agriculture was in great danger.
3. The dispute was solved by International Court of Justice in which water of 3 rivers was given to Pakistan.
4. Further more help and contract for building of 2 dams and some canals was also given.
Q3. What was the Kashmir Issue?
Ans.
1. In 1947 Poonch District, the Muslim tribesman rebelled against the Hindu Ruler Hari Singh.
2. India invaded Kashmir on Hari Singh’s plea. Pakistani forces also attacked.
3. Both armies captured as much as they could until UN put a ceasefire in 1949.
4. The state of Indian Controlled Kashmir was declared disputed.
5. A plebiscite has to held to solve this problem.
6. 2 wars have strung up due to Kashmir’s unsolved issue, 1965 an 1971 wars.
Q4. Who was Liaqat Ali Khan?
Ans.
1. Liaqat Ali Khan had been an active member of Muslim League working along Jinnah in many situations.
2. He was declared as the first Governor General.
3. Controlling a state like Pakistan in 1947 was a very hard job and he tried best to solve the problems specially constitution problem.
4. He was murdered in 1951 in what is now known as the Liaquat Bagh.
Q5. What was the One Unit Policy?
Ans.
1. A policy annulled by General Yahya which grouped the 4 provinces were merged into one unit.
2. This was done to make administration more central and effective.
3. To make devising a constitution easier.
4. It was done to remove ethnic differences.
5. The measure was not welcomed by the different people because of the deep differences.
Q6. Who was General Ayub Khan?
Ans.
1. Born in NWFP in 1907.
2. He was educated at Aligarh College. Later at Sandhurst, a British College for training Army officials.
3. Commissioned an army officer in 1928.
4. Fought against Japanese in WW 2.
5. In 1951 he became the First Pakistani Commander in chief.
6. He wrote his biography “Friends Not Masters”.
7. Was the first army chief to declare Martial law in Pakistan.
Q7. What was the Basic Democracies?
Ans.
1. Ayub Khan introduced the Basic Democracy System. 80,000 Basic democrats selected form East and West Pakistan.
2. Political Parties were not allowed.
3. They were to vote weather Ayub should remain President or not.
4. 95% voted for his presidency.
Q8. Why was Islamabad chosen as capital?
Ans.
1. It had a better climate.
2. To keep Officials away from Commercial influences.
3. To move Center of Administration from Industrially and commercially developed South to the Northern Punjab.
4. Was a site north of Rawalpindi.
5. A lot of money was spread on the new Capital.
Q9. What was the 6 point Programme?
Ans.
1. This was the demand of Shiekh Mujib-ur-Rehman of Awami League.
2. They were as a way suggestions suggesting that West Pakistan should have its own arm and currency.
3. Furthermore each half should keep its own revenue.
4. Federal and Foreign affairs of each half should be controlled by separate governments in each half.
5. Infact these were Points suggesting the two units to be totally different in all but name.
Q10. What was the Simla Accord?
Ans.
1. This was an agreement signed between Bhutto and Indira Gandhi after 1971 War.
2. In it release of the 93000 troops of Pakistan and returning the captured land of Lahore.
3. Pakistan made no concessions over Kashmir. Both countries agreed to have peaceful relations.
4. The Accord formed Bhutto as national hero.
Q11. Who was Shiekh Mujib?
Ans.
1. Born in 1920, he was a strong believer of Self Government for East-Pakistan.
2. He was the founder of Awami League.
3. He was successful in winning 1970 elections and uprising Bengalis against Pakistan.
4. He became the first Prime Minister Of Bangladesh. He was murdered in a military takeover on August 1975.
Q12. Who was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto?
Ans.
1. Born in 1928, he was a brilliant politician.
2. Served as Minister of Commerce in 1958.
3. Served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1963-6.
4. Served as President and then Prime Minister from 1971-7.
5. Founder of Pakistan’s People Party.
6. Graduated in law from California and Oxford Universities.
7. He was hanged by General Zia in 1979 after being convicted to a murder.
Q13. Who was General Zia?
Ans.
1. He was the Chief of Army set up by Bhutto.
2. He removed Bhutto from the office by declaring Martial Law on country and charged him of murder.
3. .He became President of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988.
4. He adopted a strict policy of Islamization in the country.
5. He became famous in the World specially due to the Afghan Miracle.
6. He died in plane crash on 17th August 1988.
Q14. What was th u2 crises?
Ans.
1. U2 was the American Spy plane launched from Pakistan air base of Peshawar.
2. It was spying on Russia and shot down.
3. Gary Powers the pilot was arrested and found guilty of spying after photos were discovered.
4. Russia threatened Pakistan that they will attack on the country.
5. Pakistan refused to have any knowledge of the spy plane’s mission.
6. Relations with America also deteriorated.
Q15. What was RCD?
Ans.
1. It stands for the Regional Cooperation Development.
2. In 1964 it was set up by Pakistan, Turkey, Iran and Iraq.
3. Its purpose was to increase economic, educational and cultural link between these Muslim countries.
4. It was more successful in cultural an educational sector than trade and came to an end in 1979.
5. General Zia later revived it in 1985 naming it ECO (Economic Cooperation Organization.)
Q16. What was the CENTO?
Ans.
1. CENTO was A defense Agreement between Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and Turkey.
2. It stands for Central Asia Treaty Organization.
3. It was also called the Baghdad Pact.
4. CENTO failed to give protection to Pakistan in war with India.
5. It was disbanded in 1979.
Q17. What was the Pacca Qila Massacre?
Ans.
1. Happened in Hyderabad.
2. 40 Supporters of MQM including women and children were killed by Police.
3. Happened during the time of Benazir Government and she was blamed for it.
4. Led to Ghulam Ishaq dismissing Benazir’s government in August 1990.
Q18. What caused Benazir’s fall from the office in 1990?
Ans.
1. She was sacked and charged with corruption.
2. She was blamed for the violence in country specially the Pacca Qila Massacre.
3. She had to collimate with different parties to work in the country specially MQM which angered PPP members in Sindh.
4. Her husband Asif Ali Zardari was causing problems of corruption for her.
Q19. What were the Problems for Nawaz Sharif in his 2 governments?
Ans.
1. Problems by supporters of Benazir.
2. Failed to promote economic progress and religious ideas at the same time.
3. America opposed his government and aid was stopped. He was blamed for the murder of Army Chief, Asif Nawaz and so his government was dismissed.
4. In second government, he faced great foreign pressure due to the Nuclear Testing.
5. Relations with America got bad because he supported Taliban to hand over Osama bin Laden.
6. Blamed Musharaf on failure of fighting in Kashmir.
7. Tried to sack Musharraf while he was on a visiting trip to Sri Lanka and so was removed from the office by the army and exiled from the country.
Q20. What was the Objective Resolution?
Ans.
1. A resolution passed by Constitution Assembly.
2. Passed in March 1949.
3. Under PM: Liaquat Ali who declared it very important.
4. It made several references to Islam.
5. The resolution faced a lot of oppositions.
Ch7 Relations
Q1. What is OIC? Ans.1. OIC stands for Organisation of Islamic Conference.
2. World’s 2nd Largest inter government organization after UN.
3. Works closely with UN and other international organization.
4. Aim to promote solidarity and co-operation.
5. Summit Conferences are held every 3 year.
6. Extra ordinary conference can be beheld any time.
1. Stands for People’s Army
2. An independence movement
3. Was supported by India.
4. The rebel army attacked on the town of Jysore.
5. Thus began war with Bangladesh was India in 1971.
O-Level Pakistan Studies Paper 1 History and Culture of Pakistan Ch 1-7 4 Marks Questions