O-Level Pakistan Studies P1 History and Culture of Pakistan Ch 6 (1885-1927) & Ch 7-8 (1927 to 1939 + Khilafat Movement) SQs
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Ch6 (1885-1927) SQs
1- What was congress?
Ans. It was an Indian organization of represent their views to British. It was formed in 1885 with help of Sir Hume and Sir Henry Cotton. Later it became a political party under the leadership of Gandhi. It was a Hindu dominated body and there were only few idealist Muslims in congress.
2- What was Muslim league?
Ans. It was a Muslim’s Political Party formed to represent Muslims to British. It was formed in 1906. Agha Khan was the first president. It passed Lahore resolution under the leadership of Jinnah in 1940. It achieved independence from British in 1947.
3- Describe Shimla deputation?
Ans. In 1906 36 Muslims led by Agha Khan met Viceroy Lord Minto in Shimla. Muslims asked for more seats than their actual population and Muslim-only electorates. These were granted to then in MM reforms.
4- What were MM reforms?
Ans. These were introduced in India as Indian Council Act 1909 by Lord Morley and Lord Minto to give increased share to Indians in the government. In this seats in imperial and central executive councils were increased of Indians. Muslims were given separate electorates and 1/3rd seats in all the elections.
5- What was Lucknow Pact?
Ans. In 1916 congress and Muslim League met in Lucknow. It was Jinnah who persuaded both parties to meet. Muslims’ demands of separate electorates and 1/3rd majority was accepted first time by Indians. So they both put their joint demands to British.
6- What were MC reforms 1919?
Ans. These were passed in 1919 as govt. of India act 1919 by lord Chelmsford and Lord Montague. Two-house National Parliament was started in India. A system of diarchy started in which halves of the areas of responsibilities were reserved and half of them were transferred to Indian ministers. Now 5.5 million of Indian population could vote.
7- What was Rowlett's act?
Ans. In 1918 Justice Rowlett recommended that the defense of India act should be started permanently. Arrest without warrant and prison without bail was introduced. This act was passed in 1919. There was huge opposition to this act and Jinnah resigned to imperial legislative council.
8- What was Jallianwala Bagh/ Amritsar massacre?
Ans. Due to the strict measures of British, 20000 people including Muslims, Sikhs, and Hindus gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar city. There were people of all ages and just gathered for peaceful demonstration. General Dyer was to control the violence so he closed the narrow exits and ordered him army to shoot at the crowd. More than 400 people died and 1200 were wounded.
9- Who was General Dyer?
Ans. General Dyer was a British Indian army officer who was made a temporary brigadier-general for controlling Amritsar. He ordered his army to attack to a crowd in the Jallianwala Bagh on unarmed civilians who were gathered for peaceful demonstration. Due to this he was investigated by hunter committee in England. By it’s investigation he was deposed of his services but later he became a hero among British.
10- What was Hunter committee?
Ans. It was a British committee set up to investigate the Amritsar massacre. It asked few questions to dyer and by it’s findings it deposed dyer from his services.
11- What was Arya Samaj?
Ans. It was founded by Dayanand in 1877 in India. It was a Hindu party which aimed to purify Hinduism. It forcefully converted Muslims into Hindus and to reconvert those Hindus who had embraced Christianity.
12- Who was Pundit Mohan Malaviya?
Ans. He was the president of Indian National Congress. He helped Hindu Mahasabha to found. He attended First round table conference and was a notable person in Gandhi’s non-cooperation. He was the founder of The Hindustan Times.
13- What were Delhi proposals?
Ans. There were proposals given by Jinnah in 1927 to a conference of all India Muslim league. He gave few demands which he said if would be accepted that he would give up the demand of separate electorates. He said that there should be 1/3rd Muslim majority in all central legislature, Sindh should be made a province and all the reforms of other provinces should be brought to NWF and Baluchistan.
14- What was diarchy?
Ans. Diarchy means a government by two authorities. In India it was started in the government of indi act 1919 on provincial level. The reserved subjects such as defense were most important and were controlled by Provincial Governors and their Executive councils and the transferred subjects were less important such as forests and were controlled by Indian Ministers. Diarchy was dropped at provincial level and brought at central level in Govt of India act 1935.
Ch 7-8 (1927 to 1939 + Khilafat Movement) SQs
1- Who was Khalifa/What was Khilafat?
Ans. Khalifa/khilafat is a word of Arabic. Khalifa means to follow, so the first successor to the Holy Prophet was Abu Bakr who came to know as Khailifa and his empire as a Khilafat. The Umayad Dynasty then continued the khilafat. Muslims had a high regard of Khalifa and they considered it as leader of muslims of whole world. When the khilafat and khalifa were under threat from British, the muslims of the subcontinent began the Khilafat Movement.
2- What was Satayagra?
Ans. It is a word of Hindi and it means truth-force. It was a non-cooperation movement started by Gandhi. It was a form of non-violent protest against British. It later became violent protest. Jinnah and Muslims did not join it.
3- Describe Khilafat Conference 1?
Ans. It was called in Delhi in 1919. Maulana Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali were leading figures. Gandhi was also present as non-official member of congress. A resolution was passed that a delegation would be sent to British to stop them demolishing Khilafat.
4- Describe Khilafat Conference 2?
Ans. It was held in Amritsar in December 1919. Congress and Muslim league were present in in. Muhammad Ali had returned from the Britain where he was failed to stop the British to di smember the caliphate. It was unsuccessful.
5- Describe Khilafat Conference 3?
Ans. It was held in July 1921. It was the last Khilafat Conference. It passed a number of resolution against the British which offended them. As a result the Ali brothers were arrested.
6- What was Treaty of Versailles?
Ans. It was one of the peace treaties at the end of the First World War. It was signed in 1919 to end the state of war between Britain and Germany with its Allies. As a result Germany had to pay money to Britain and its allies. Germany was split and Poland was created.
7- What was Treaty of Sevres?
Ans. It was a peace treaty at the end of WWI. It was between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies. In this the Turkey was to be split up. While it was under discussion the Nationalist Government abolished the Khilafat.
8- What was Hijrat Movement/ Tahrek-e-Hijrat ?
Ans. It was a part of Khilafat Movement. In this 18,000 muslims left their houses to migrate to Afghanistan as they saw India a Dar-ul-Harb. First few people were welcomed but later afghans refused to accept anymore emigrants. So they had to return and they got penniless.
9- Who was Kemal Attaturk?
Ans. He was a Turkish Military leader during world war I. He was the leader of Turkish national Movement. He abolished the khilafat in the Ottoman Empire. He was the first president and founder of Republic of Turkey.
10- What was Chauri-Chaura Event?
Ans. Chauri-Chaura was a village in the Gorakh-Pur District. There, in 1922, twenty-one police officers were killed after they fired on the crowd to stop them. Whole police station was set on fire. After this Gandhi brought his noncooperation to an end.
11- Who were Ali Brothers
Ans. i- Maulana Shaukat Ali was an Indian Muslim Nationalist and the leader of Khilafat Movement. In his early carrier he was member of Congress. He was brother of Muhammad Ali Jauhar and helped his brother to publish weekly Hamdard and weekly Comrade. Due to seditious material he and his brother were imprisoned. He was once again jailed for his support to Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement. Later he joined Muslim League.
ii- Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar was an Indian muslim leader, poet and journalist. He became president of khilafat Conference In 1918. He was the leaders of delegation which was sent to England to persuade British to not to punish Turkey. In his early carrier he was member of Congress. He started to publish weekly Hamdard and weekly Comrade. Due to seditious material he and his brother were imprisoned. Later he joined Muslim League.
12- What was Simon Commission?
Ans. According to Govt. of India Act 1919 a commission was to be sent so in 1927 a Commission was sent to India. It was a 7 men committee under the leadership of John Simon. All the members were British so it was thought as an insult and Indians opposed it. In 1930 it produced a two-volume report according to which RTC were held.
13- What was Nehru report?
Ans. It was a report produced by Motilal Nehru in the all -party conference 1928. It called for immediate dominion status for India. It said that there should be bicameral parliament and all the men and women should have right to vote. There was a system of protecting the rights of minorities by reserving seats but it was still opposed by Muslims. It was presented to British as the new constitution for India.
14- What were Jinnah’s Fourteen Points?
Ans. These were demands proposed by Jinnah in the All-India Muslim League conference. It was given as an answer to Nehru Report. It was unanimously accepted by all the leaders of Muslim league. It demanded for 1/3rd seats and separate electorates for Muslims. It said that all the provinces should have equal amount of autonomy and Sindh should be separated from Bombay.
15- What was Salt March?
Ans. It was a part of Gandhi’s non-cooperation. It was against the unfair British salt laws. It was started in march 1930 and ended in April 1930. Route was from Ashram to Dandi. In response Gandhi and Nehru were arrested.
16- What was Allahabad Address?
Ans. It was the Presidential Address by Allama Iqbal to the Session of the All -India Muslim League on 29 December 1930 at Allahabad. In that address Iqbal said that he would like to see NWFP, Punjab and Baluchistan as a separate state for Muslims.
17- Describe RTC-1?
Ans. All the parties in India were called to first RTC. Congress refused to come as their demand that everything that would be discussed would be applied to India was rejected. Muslims were represented by Muhammad Ali, Agha Khan and Jinnah. In this the princes were promised their rights.
18- Describe RTC-2?
Ans. It was called in London in 1931. Viceroy Irwin urged Gandhi to stop his non-cooperation and attend the RTC. An agreement was reached which is called the Gandhi -Irwin Pact. Muslims were represented y Jinnah and Allama Iqbal. In the RTC the Gandhi took hard lines and refused to accept the rights of Muslims. So this was failed.
19- Describe RTC-3?
Ans. It was called in London in 1932. Jinnah and Gandhi both were not there. Muslims were represented by Agha Khan and Muhammad Shah. No agreement could be reached.
20- What was Gandhi Irwin Pact?
Ans. This pact was passed between Gandhi and Lord Irwin in 1931. In this pact Gandhi agreed to call -off his noncooperation movement and stopped his demand for independence. Irwin agreed that the political prisoners would be released and their properties would be given them back.
21- What was Govt. of India Act 1935?
Ans. It was the last constitution of British India and the first constitution of both India and Pakistan. In this diarchy was dropped at provincial level and introduced at central level. The number of province s were increased to 11 by making NWF, Orissa and Sindh. Now 25 percent of Indian population could vote.
22- What was Wardha Scheme?
Ans. It was an educational scheme started by Gandhi. In this religious education was banned and cotton spinning was made a part of education. Children were forced to bow before Gandhi’s portrait and the education was to be in Hindi. This was opposed by the Muslims.
23- What was Bande matram?
Ans. It was a Hindu nationalist Song. It was written against the Muslims that they should be expelled from Hindustan. Its singing was made compulsory in schools and in start of official business every day during the congress rule. It was seen as an insult by the Muslims.
24- Describe elections of 1937?
Ans. These were the first elections after the govt. of India act 1935. Both Muslim league and the congress participated in the elections. Congress got majority in 5 provinces and single largest party in 4 provinces. Congress was asked to form ministries and it did.
25- What was Communal Award?
Ans. Communal Award was announced by McDonalds in 1932. These were announced to reduce communal tensions in India. The Muslims were given majority in Hindu Majority provinces and Hindus in the Muslim majority areas. These were rejected by congress but reluctantly accepted by the Muslims.
26- What was Moplah Rebellion?
Ans. Muslim peasants in south India were known as moplah upraised and thousands of Indians were killed. At tirur 10000 moplahs destroyed the police station and seized arms. They then attacked Hindu property. 4000 moplah were killed by the British but British suffered less than 100 causalities.
